ISO 10993-1:2018(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical Aug 27, 2023 · GB/T 16886.1-2011 / ISO 10993-1. 2009 Replacing GB/T 16886.1-2001 Biological evaluation of medical devices -- Part 1. Evaluation and testing within a risk management process (ISO 10993-1. 2009, IDT) ISSUED ON. JUNE 16, 2011 IMPLEMENTED ON. NOVEMBER 01, 2011 Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and A Biological Evaluation Plan (BEP) is an initial risk assessment offered by Nelson Labs is intended to meet the objectives outline in ISO 10993-1, clause 4 “General principles applying to biological evaluation of medical devices.” The first part of this clause states specifically that “The biological evaluation shall be planned, carried ... EN ISO 10993-1 December 2020 ICS 11.100.20 Supersedes EN ISO 10993-1:2009 English Version Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process (ISO 10993-1:2018, including corrected version 2018-11) Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux - PartieRef. No. EN ISO 10993-18:2020 E National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 10993‑18:2020. It is identical to ISO 10993‑18:2020. It supersedes BS EN ISO 10993‑18:2009, which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CH/194, Biological evaluation of medical ...It is not intended to replace any policies specified in Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk ...Specific medical device safety evaluation programs follow International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10993 standards and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance. NAMSA’s Biocompatibility Matrix is based on ISO 10993-1 Evaluation and Testing within a risk management process 2018 edition, as well as the FDA Guidance ...You can delve into EKG case studies here. The ISO 10993 parts EKG Labs distinctly assesses are: ISO 10993-1: Evaluation and testing in the risk management process. ISO 10993-7: Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals. ISO 10993-9: Framework for identification and quantification of potential degradation products.Note: On this page, FDA’s Biocompatibility Guidance on Use of ISO 10993-1 refers to Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and ...There are several important uses for chemical characterization, each with a numbered designation. For example, ISO 10993-1 and ISO 10993-14971 are used as part of an assessment for the overall biological safety of a medical device. By contrast, ISO 10993-17 measures the level of a leachable substance.Jun 16, 2016 · Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, 'Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process' - Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug... What does BS EN ISO 10993-1:2020 do? It aims to protect people from the biological risks that can arise from using medical devices by describing the biological evaluation of medical devices within a risk management process. It combines the review and evaluation of existing data from all sources with, as necessary, the selection and application ...ISO 10993-1 Medical devices Biocompatibility evaluation and testing ISO 10993-17 Medical devices Establishment of allowable limits for leachable substances ISO 10993-18 Medical devices Chemical characterization of materials ICH M7 Pharmaceuticals DNA reactive (mutagenic) impurities relevant to other biocompatibility standards (e.g., other parts of the ISO. 3 . 3. 10993 series of standards, ASTM, 4. ICH, 5. OECD, 6. USP. 7). This document discusses the following topics: · use of risk assessments for biocompatibility evaluations for a proposed medical device; · use of ISO 10993-1 and the FDA-modified matrix (Attachment A ...You can delve into EKG case studies here. The ISO 10993 parts EKG Labs distinctly assesses are: ISO 10993-1: Evaluation and testing in the risk management process. ISO 10993-7: Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals. ISO 10993-9: Framework for identification and quantification of potential degradation products.Jan 14, 2019 · Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff: Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological evaluation of medical devices--Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process", Issued June 2016. Updated September 2020. ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-1: 2018 Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process. This document specifies: - the general principles governing the biological evaluation of medical devices within a risk management process; - the general categorization of medical devices based on the nature and duration of their contact with the body; - the ... ASTM F2100 / ISO 374-5 / ISO 13688 / ISO 10993-1 - Medical Personal Protective Equipment Package; BS EN 62366 / BS EN ISO 14971 / BS EN ISO 20417 / ISO 10993-1 - Medical Devices PackageNote: On this page, FDA’s Biocompatibility Guidance on Use of ISO 10993-1 refers to Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and ... Aug 5, 2020 · There are several important uses for chemical characterization, each with a numbered designation. For example, ISO 10993-1 and ISO 10993-14971 are used as part of an assessment for the overall biological safety of a medical device. By contrast, ISO 10993-17 measures the level of a leachable substance. ISO 10993-1:2018(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical ASTM F2100 / ISO 374-5 / ISO 13688 / ISO 10993-1 - Medical Personal Protective Equipment Package; BS EN 62366 / BS EN ISO 14971 / BS EN ISO 20417 / ISO 10993-1 - Medical Devices PackageISO 10993-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 194, Biological evaluation of medical devices. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 10993-1:2003), which has been technically revised. ISO 10993 consists of the following parts, under the general title Biological evaluation of medical devices:Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff: Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological evaluation of medical devices--Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process", Issued June 2016.ISO 10993-1-2018 is the 5th edition of the biocompatibility standard for the evaluation of medical devices. The new version, released in August, replaces the 2009 version of the standard. I was unable to find a European version of this standard, but you can expect one to be made available very soon–probably before you read this article.ISO 10993-1:2018(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical ASTM F2100 / ISO 374-5 / ISO 13688 / ISO 10993-1 - Medical Personal Protective Equipment Package; BS EN 62366 / BS EN ISO 14971 / BS EN ISO 20417 / ISO 10993-1 - Medical Devices PackageYou can delve into EKG case studies here. The ISO 10993 parts EKG Labs distinctly assesses are: ISO 10993-1: Evaluation and testing in the risk management process. ISO 10993-7: Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals. ISO 10993-9: Framework for identification and quantification of potential degradation products. The first part of the series, ISO 18562-1:2017, covers general principles regarding biocompatibility assessment of medical device materials, which make up the gas pathway as a risk-based approach. The main discussed change in ISO 10993-1:2018 is, however, the revised Annex A, Endpoints to be addressed in a biological risk assessment, which ISO 10993-4* Complement Activation using a U.S. marketed ELISA kit ISO 10993-4 and ASTM F756 Direct and Indirect Hemolysis ISO 10993-5 MEM Elution Cytotoxicity ISO 10993-10. 6.•ISO 10993-1 now calls for chemical characterization for all device types •ISO 10993-18:2020 clarifies that: •Chemical characterization does not necessarily require analytical testing •Various approaches to the process are possible •Multiple solvents, extractions, injections, and methods drive a LOT of work[SOURCE: ISO 10993-1:2018, B.3.1.2; see also Attachment F of the FDA’s Biocompatibility Guidance on Use of ISO 10993-1 for the Component and Device Documentation Examples Test Method]Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, 'Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process' - Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug...There are several important uses for chemical characterization, each with a numbered designation. For example, ISO 10993-1 and ISO 10993-14971 are used as part of an assessment for the overall biological safety of a medical device. By contrast, ISO 10993-17 measures the level of a leachable substance.EN ISO 10993-1:2020. Current. Add to Watchlist. Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process (ISO 10993-1:2018, including corrected version 2018-10)ISO 10993 การประเมินทางชีวภาพของเครื่องมือแพทย์—ส่วนที่ 1: การประเมินและการทดสอบภายในกระบวนการจัดการความเสี่ยง เป็นกรอบการทำงานสำหรับกำหนดการ ... Note: On this page, FDA’s Biocompatibility Guidance on Use of ISO 10993-1 refers to Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and ...Date of Entry 07/06/2020. FR Recognition Number. 2-275. Standard. ISO 10993-7 Second edition 2008-10-15. Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 7: Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals [Including: Technical Corrigendum 1 (2009), AMENDMENT 1: Applicability of allowable limits for neonates and infants (2019)] Scope/Abstract.The medical devices tests in this package are for system toxicity, hypersensitivity, local effects after implantation, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and interactions with blood. This package is 45% off the individual list price and includes the following standards: ISO 10993-1:2018. ISO 10993-2:2022. There are several important uses for chemical characterization, each with a numbered designation. For example, ISO 10993-1 and ISO 10993-14971 are used as part of an assessment for the overall biological safety of a medical device. By contrast, ISO 10993-17 measures the level of a leachable substance.ISO 10993-1:2018(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical ISO 10993-1:2018(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical You can delve into EKG case studies here. The ISO 10993 parts EKG Labs distinctly assesses are: ISO 10993-1: Evaluation and testing in the risk management process. ISO 10993-7: Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals. ISO 10993-9: Framework for identification and quantification of potential degradation products. A list of all parts in the ISO 10993 series can be found on the ISO website. This corrected version of ISO 10993-1:2018 incorporates the following correction. ISO 10993-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 194, Biological evaluation of medical devices. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 10993-1:2003), which has been technically revised. ISO 10993 consists of the following parts, under the general title Biological evaluation of medical devices:ISO 10993-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 194, Biological evaluation of medical devices. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 10993-1:2003), which has been technically revised. ISO 10993 consists of the following parts, under the general title Biological evaluation of medical devices:ISO 10993 การประเมินทางชีวภาพของเครื่องมือแพทย์—ส่วนที่ 1: การประเมินและการทดสอบภายในกระบวนการจัดการความเสี่ยง เป็นกรอบการทำงานสำหรับกำหนดการ ...Note: On this page, FDA’s Biocompatibility Guidance on Use of ISO 10993-1 refers to Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and ... Date of Entry 07/06/2020. FR Recognition Number. 2-275. Standard. ISO 10993-7 Second edition 2008-10-15. Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 7: Ethylene oxide sterilization residuals [Including: Technical Corrigendum 1 (2009), AMENDMENT 1: Applicability of allowable limits for neonates and infants (2019)] Scope/Abstract.May 29, 2023 · This database provides the most up-to-date list of voluntary consensus standards to which FDA will accept a Declaration of Conformity for medical devices. After FDA has decided to recognize a standard, we will update our online database to reflect the decision even before formal recognition of the standard occurs by publication in the Federal ... ISO 10993-1:2009 describes: the general principles governing the biological evaluation of medical devices within a risk management process; the general categorization of devices based on the nature and duration of their contact with the body; the evaluation of existing relevant data from all sources;ISO 10993-1: “The choice of test procedures shall take into account that certain biological tests (i.e. those designed to assess systemic effects) are not justifiable where the presence of leachable chemicals has been excluded (in accordance with ISO 10993-18), or where chemicals have a known and Dec 16, 2020 · 1 file , 1.6 MB Same As: ISO 10993-1:2018 Product Code(s): 30344602, 30344602, 30344602 Note: This product is unavailable in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus Document History. BS EN ISO 10993-1:2020 currently viewing. December 2020 Biological evaluation of medical devices-Evaluation and testing within a risk management process ISO 10993-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 194, Biological evaluation of medical devices. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 10993-1:2003), which has been technically revised. ISO 10993 consists of the following parts, under the general title Biological evaluation of medical devices:Gas Path Devices: ISO 18562 (2017) Test Matrix: ISO 18562 Standard Test Analytical Approach ISO 18562-2:2017 Volatile Organic Compounds EPA TO-15 Method: Volatiles in Air via Canister Sampling. Samples will be taken at three time points within a 24-hour period ISO 18562-3:2017 2.5 µm & 10 µm Particulates NMAM 0.500 Method (Gravimetric Analysis) Apr 7, 2020 · ISO 10993-1:2018 applies to biological evaluation of active, non-active, implantable, and non-implantable medical devices. The materials this standard evaluates are expected to have direct contact with either the patient’s body during the intended use of the medical device or, if used for protection, the user’s body, (as with surgical ... Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, 'Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process' - Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug...Note: On this page, FDA’s Biocompatibility Guidance on Use of ISO 10993-1 refers to Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and ...Based on ISO 10993-1, the BRA is the process of evaluating the device and the related manufacturing from biological risks point of view. It can be considered a part of the risk management process. Biological evaluation of medical devices shall begin with the so-called Biological Risk Assessment (BRA). This basically shall include an assessment ...It is not intended to replace any policies specified in Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk ...EN ISO 10993-1 December 2020 ICS 11.100.20 Supersedes EN ISO 10993-1:2009 English Version Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process (ISO 10993-1:2018, including corrected version 2018-11) Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux - PartieASTM F2100 / ISO 374-5 / ISO 13688 / ISO 10993-1 - Medical Personal Protective Equipment Package; BS EN 62366 / BS EN ISO 14971 / BS EN ISO 20417 / ISO 10993-1 - Medical Devices PackageBiological evaluation of medical devices Part 19: Physico-chemical, morphological and topographical characterization of materials. ISO 10993-10:2010. Biological evaluation of medical devices Part 10: Tests for irritation and skin sensitization.ISO 10993-1 Corrected 2018-10 Biological evaluation of medical devices — Evaluation and testing within a risk management process Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux — Partie 1: Évaluation et essais au sein d'un processus de gestion du risque ISO Reference 10993-1:2018(E) © ISO 2018 COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT be on reproduced reserved. Not includedin MDD or ISO 10993‐ 1:2018 ‐ Not withinscope of biological evaluation ISO 10993‐1: final product, subjected to all manufacturing processes, must be evaluated. (Includes all constituents, processing aids, packaging, sterilization, etc.) ISO 10993‐1ISO Standard. ISO2859-1 Sampling Plans for Inspection by Attributes; ISO 10993-1 Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices—Part 1: Evaluation and Testing Within a Risk Management Process; ISO 10993-5 Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices—Part 5: Tests for in vitro CytotoxicityBelow the list of harmonized standards for medical device for your reference and search. For latest update check the official page. Title of the standard. EN 285:2006+A2:2009 Sterilization – Steam sterilizers – Large sterilizers. EN 455-1:2000 Medical gloves for single use – Part 1: Requirements and testing for freedom from holes.Ref. No. EN ISO 10993-18:2020 E National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 10993‑18:2020. It is identical to ISO 10993‑18:2020. It supersedes BS EN ISO 10993‑18:2009, which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CH/194, Biological evaluation of medical ... EN ISO 10993-1:2020. Current. Add to Watchlist. Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process (ISO 10993-1:2018, including corrected version 2018-10)ISO 10993-1 This is the first step of the ISO 10993 Biocompatibility process. This involves review of the materials of manufacture and not just the finished product. The ISO 10993 set entails a series of standards for evaluating the biocompatibility of medical devices to manage biological risk. These documents were preceded by the Tripartite agreement and is a part of the international harmonisation of the safe use evaluation of medical devices. [1] ISO 10993-1:2009 describes: the general principles governing the biological evaluation of medical devices within a risk management process; the general categorization of devices based on the nature and duration of their contact with the body; the evaluation of existing relevant data from all sources;FDA-Modified ISO 10993-1 and USP Class VI tests, and meets the requirements specified for up to 30 days contact with human tissue. Abbreviation to DIN EN ISO 1043-1: PC Designation to DIN EN ISO 7391-1: Thermoplastics ISO 7391-PC,M,(,,)-18-9 Delivery form Granules, packed in 25-kg polyethylene sacks, FIBC ISO 10993-1:2009 describes: the general principles governing the biological evaluation of medical devices within a risk management process; the general categorization of devices based on the nature and duration of their contact with the body; the evaluation of existing relevant data from all sources;ISO 10993 การประเมินทางชีวภาพของเครื่องมือแพทย์—ส่วนที่ 1: การประเมินและการทดสอบภายในกระบวนการจัดการความเสี่ยง เป็นกรอบการทำงานสำหรับกำหนดการ ...ISO 10993-1 This is the first step of the ISO 10993 Biocompatibility process. This involves review of the materials of manufacture and not just the finished product.The ISO 10993 series of standards on “Biological evaluation of medical devices” plays a central role in this context. The ISO 10993-1 is a basic standard that defines the general approach to a biological evaluation within a risk management process. The ISO 10993-23 standard (“Tests for irritation”) was added to the series in January 2021.The latest version of a key horizontal Standard used for the biological evaluation of medical devices has been published by NSAI. I.S. EN ISO 1993-1:2020 - "Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process" is a fundamental Standard in evaluating the biological testing of medical devices. The horizontal Standa The ISO 10993-5 standard. The title of EN ISO 10993-5 is “Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 5: Tests for in vitro cytotoxicity.”. At 46 pages long, the standard is relatively manageable. Much of the standard (Annexes A-D) is devoted extensively to how to implement specific test setups and is primarily of interest for ... ISO 10993-4* Complement Activation using a U.S. marketed ELISA kit ISO 10993-4 and ASTM F756 Direct and Indirect Hemolysis ISO 10993-5 MEM Elution Cytotoxicity ISO 10993-10. 6. ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-1: 2018 Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process. This document specifies: - the general principles governing the biological evaluation of medical devices within a risk management process; - the general categorization of medical devices based on the nature and duration of their contact with the body; - the ...The latest version of a key horizontal Standard used for the biological evaluation of medical devices has been published by NSAI. I.S. EN ISO 1993-1:2020 - "Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process" is a fundamental Standard in evaluating the biological testing of medical devices. The horizontal Standa ISO 10993-1:2018 applies to biological evaluation of active, non-active, implantable, and non-implantable medical devices. The materials this standard evaluates are expected to have direct contact with either the patient’s body during the intended use of the medical device or, if used for protection, the user’s body, (as with surgical ...ISO 10993 and RISK ISO 10993 is intended as a guidance to determine the potential biological risks arising from the use of medical devices. Meaning, what is the risk of my materials and processes to the patient? ISO 10993-1: Biological evaluation of medical devices – Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management processIntroduction. The primary aim of this document is the protection of humans from potential biological risks arising from the use of medical devices. It is compiled from numerous International and national standards and guidelines concerning the biological evaluation of medical devices.
ISO 10993-1:2018(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical. The nearest cici
The medical devices tests in this package are for system toxicity, hypersensitivity, local effects after implantation, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and interactions with blood. This package is 45% off the individual list price and includes the following standards: ISO 10993-1:2018. ISO 10993-2:2022. ISO 18562-1:2017 does not address biological evaluation of the surfaces of medical devices that are in direct contact with the patient. The requirements for direct contact surfaces are found in the ISO 10993 series.ISO 10993-1:2018(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technicalOct 7, 2018 · ISO 10993-1-2018 is the 5th edition of the biocompatibility standard for the evaluation of medical devices. The new version, released in August, replaces the 2009 version of the standard. I was unable to find a European version of this standard, but you can expect one to be made available very soon–probably before you read this article. ISO 10993-1, Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices - Part 1: Evaluation and Testing within a Risk Management Process, is the most widely used standard for assessing the biocompatibility of medical devices and materials, and provides a framework for determining the appropriate biocompatibility steps for planning a biological evaluation.ISO 10993 and RISK ISO 10993 is intended as a guidance to determine the potential biological risks arising from the use of medical devices. Meaning, what is the risk of my materials and processes to the patient? ISO 10993-1: Biological evaluation of medical devices – Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process Based on ISO 10993-1, the BRA is the process of evaluating the device and the related manufacturing from biological risks point of view. It can be considered a part of the risk management process. Biological evaluation of medical devices shall begin with the so-called Biological Risk Assessment (BRA). This basically shall include an assessment ...Jan 1, 1998 · In May of 1995, FDA issued blue book memorandum #G95-1, titled "Use of International Standard ISO 10993, 'Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices'—Part 1: Evaluation and Testing." The agency then began using this guidance in place of the Tripartite Guidance for all premarket approval and 510(k) submissions received on or after July 1, 1995. Below the list of harmonized standards for medical device for your reference and search. For latest update check the official page. Title of the standard. EN 285:2006+A2:2009 Sterilization – Steam sterilizers – Large sterilizers. EN 455-1:2000 Medical gloves for single use – Part 1: Requirements and testing for freedom from holes.ISO 10993-1 Medical devices Biocompatibility evaluation and testing ISO 10993-17 Medical devices Establishment of allowable limits for leachable substances ISO 10993-18 Medical devices Chemical characterization of materials ICH M7 Pharmaceuticals DNA reactive (mutagenic) impurities ISO 10993-1, Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices - Part 1: Evaluation and Testing within a Risk Management Process, is the most widely used standard for assessing the biocompatibility of medical devices and materials, and provides a framework for determining the appropriate biocompatibility steps for planning a biological evaluation.ISO 10993-1:2018(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical .